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![Red Sox]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/190630-F-QP712-0092 U.S. Airmen present colors at MLB London Series.jpg?width=200 "Red Sox]].")
![A strongly worded anti-British [[handbill]] handed out in [[New York City]] prior to - and complicit in instigating - the 1849 [[Astor Place riot]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Astor Place riots handbill (1849).jpg?width=200 "A strongly worded anti-British [[handbill]] handed out in [[New York City]] prior to - and complicit in instigating - the 1849 [[Astor Place riot]].")
![Queen Elizabeth II]] welcomed President [[Barack Obama]] and First Lady [[Michelle Obama]] to Buckingham Palace on April 1, 2009](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Barack & Michelle Obama meet Queen Elizabeth II at Buckingham Palace 4-1-09.jpg?width=200 "Queen Elizabeth II]] welcomed President [[Barack Obama]] and First Lady [[Michelle Obama]] to Buckingham Palace on April 1, 2009")
![President [[Barack Obama]] and Prime Minister [[Gordon Brown]] meeting in the [[Oval Office]] of the [[White House]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Barack Obama and Gordon Brown in the Oval Office.jpg?width=200 "President [[Barack Obama]] and Prime Minister [[Gordon Brown]] meeting in the [[Oval Office]] of the [[White House]]")
![HMS ''Resolute'']], and then presented by [[Queen Victoria]] as a gift to the United States on November 23, 1880.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Barack Obama sitting at the Resolute desk 2009.jpg?width=200 "HMS ''Resolute'']], and then presented by [[Queen Victoria]] as a gift to the United States on November 23, 1880.")
.jpg?width=200 "Tony Blair and George W. Bush at a press conference in the White House on November 12, 2004.")
![[[First Minister of Scotland]] Alex Salmond (left) was heavily criticised by Washington regarding the Scottish Governments decision to release Abdelbaset al-Megrahi](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/First Minister of Scotland and Mayor of Chicago.jpg?width=200 "[[First Minister of Scotland]] Alex Salmond (left) was heavily criticised by Washington regarding the Scottish Governments decision to release Abdelbaset al-Megrahi")
![An artist's rendering of the bombardment at the [[Battle of Baltimore]] in 1814, which inspired [[Francis Scott Key]] to write the lyrics of "[[The Star-Spangled Banner]]", the national anthem of the United States.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Ft. Henry bombardement 1814.jpg?width=200 "An artist's rendering of the bombardment at the [[Battle of Baltimore]] in 1814, which inspired [[Francis Scott Key]] to write the lyrics of \"[[The Star-Spangled Banner]]\", the national anthem of the United States.")
![Pilgrims]] to the New World in 1620, as depicted in [[William Halsall]]'s ''The Mayflower in Plymouth Sound'', 1882.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/MayflowerHarbor.jpg?width=200 "Pilgrims]] to the New World in 1620, as depicted in [[William Halsall]]'s ''The Mayflower in Plymouth Sound'', 1882.")
![Wembley]] before the [[Denver Broncos]] vs. [[San Francisco 49ers]] game in 2010](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/NFL International Series 2010.jpg?width=200 "Wembley]] before the [[Denver Broncos]] vs. [[San Francisco 49ers]] game in 2010")
![Prime Minister [[Boris Johnson]] and President [[Joe Biden]] meet at the White House, September 2021](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/P20210921AS-1993 (51707173999).jpg?width=200 "Prime Minister [[Boris Johnson]] and President [[Joe Biden]] meet at the White House, September 2021")
![UK Prime Minister [[Rishi Sunak]] greets US President [[Joe Biden]] at the 2022 G-20 Bali Summit.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/President Biden greets Prime Minister Sunak of the UK at the sidelines of the 2022 G-20 Bali Summit.jpg?width=200 "UK Prime Minister [[Rishi Sunak]] greets US President [[Joe Biden]] at the 2022 G-20 Bali Summit.")
![Prime Minister [[Theresa May]] and President [[Donald Trump]] at the White House on January 27, 2017](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/President Donald J. Trump shares a moment with United Kingdom Prime Minister Theresa May (cropped).jpg?width=200 "Prime Minister [[Theresa May]] and President [[Donald Trump]] at the White House on January 27, 2017")
![Queen Elizabeth II and [[Gerald Ford]] at the White House during her 1976 visit.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/President Ford and Queen Elizabeth dance - NARA - 6923701.jpg?width=200 "Queen Elizabeth II and [[Gerald Ford]] at the White House during her 1976 visit.")
![Queen Elizabeth II and Ronald Reagan, in [[Windsor Great Park]] during President Reagan's 1982 official visit.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/President Ronald Reagan riding horses with Queen Elizabeth II during visit to Windsor Castle.jpg?width=200 "Queen Elizabeth II and Ronald Reagan, in [[Windsor Great Park]] during President Reagan's 1982 official visit.")
![UK Prime Minister [[Winston Churchill]] and US President [[Franklin Roosevelt]] at [[Atlantic Conference]], August 1941](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/President Roosevelt and Winston Churchill seated on the quarterdeck of HMS PRINCE OF WALES for a Sunday service during the Atlantic Conference, 10 August 1941. A4816.jpg?width=200 "UK Prime Minister [[Winston Churchill]] and US President [[Franklin Roosevelt]] at [[Atlantic Conference]], August 1941")
![The [[Guard of Honour]] at Windsor Castle for the arrival of Queen [[Elizabeth II]] and President Trump, July 2018](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/President Trump & the First Lady's Trip to Europe (42484594145).jpg?width=200 "The [[Guard of Honour]] at Windsor Castle for the arrival of Queen [[Elizabeth II]] and President Trump, July 2018")
![Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, after attending a worship service at [[National Presbyterian Church]] with Dwight Eisenhower and First Lady [[Mamie Eisenhower]] in 1957.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/President and Royal Family at National Presbyterian Church.jpg?width=200 "Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, after attending a worship service at [[National Presbyterian Church]] with Dwight Eisenhower and First Lady [[Mamie Eisenhower]] in 1957.")
![King George V]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Pvt Harry Shelley receives British Distinguished Conduct Medal from King George V.jpg?width=200 "King George V]].")
![SOCA]], this body is now the [[National Crime Agency]])''</small>](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Saccwg 500 031708.jpg?width=200 "SOCA]], this body is now the [[National Crime Agency]])''</small>")
![The arrival of [[The Beatles]] in the United States and subsequent appearance on ''[[The Ed Sullivan Show]]'' in 1964 marked the beginning of the "British Invasion".](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/The Beatles in America.JPG?width=200 "The arrival of [[The Beatles]] in the United States and subsequent appearance on ''[[The Ed Sullivan Show]]'' in 1964 marked the beginning of the \"British Invasion\".")
![Columbia]] and [[Britannia]] sit together and hold hands.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/The Great Rapprochement.jpg?width=200 "Columbia]] and [[Britannia]] sit together and hold hands.")
![[[John Trumbull]]'s painting depicting ''[[The Death of General Warren at the Battle of Bunker Hill]]'', 1775.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/The death of general warren at the battle of bunker hill.jpg?width=200 "[[John Trumbull]]'s painting depicting ''[[The Death of General Warren at the Battle of Bunker Hill]]'', 1775.")
![Map of the [[UKUSA Agreement]] countries: Australia, Canada, New Zealand, United Kingdom, and the United States](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/UKUSA Map.svg?width=200 "Map of the [[UKUSA Agreement]] countries: Australia, Canada, New Zealand, United Kingdom, and the United States")
![Camden]], London which is a home to the [[American International Church]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Whitfield Memorial Church, Tottenham Court Road, London-8Feb2008.jpg?width=200 "Camden]], London which is a home to the [[American International Church]].")
![Queen Elizabeth]] with First Lady [[Eleanor Roosevelt]] in London, 1942.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Eleanor Roosevelt, King George VI, Queen Elizabeth in London, England - NARA - 195320.png?width=200 "Queen Elizabeth]] with First Lady [[Eleanor Roosevelt]] in London, 1942.")
![First Lady [[Eleanor Roosevelt]], [[Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone]], and [[Clementine Churchill]] at the Second Quebec Conference, 1944.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Eleanor Roosevelt in Canada 1944.gif?width=200 "First Lady [[Eleanor Roosevelt]], [[Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone]], and [[Clementine Churchill]] at the Second Quebec Conference, 1944.")
![Prime Minister [[Winston Churchill]] and President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] during the Yalta Conference, 1945.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Churchill and Roosevelt Yalta.jpg?width=200 "Prime Minister [[Winston Churchill]] and President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] during the Yalta Conference, 1945.")
![President [[John F. Kennedy]] and Prime Minister [[Harold Macmillan]] at Key West, 1961.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/MacMillian and Kennedy in Key West March 1961.jpg?width=200 "President [[John F. Kennedy]] and Prime Minister [[Harold Macmillan]] at Key West, 1961.")
![President [[Richard Nixon]] and First Lady [[Pat Nixon]] with [[Queen Elizabeth II]] and Prime Minister [[Edward Heath]], 1970.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Prime Minister Edward Heath, Queen Elizabeth II, President Richard Nixon, and Pat Nixon at Chequers.jpg?width=200 "President [[Richard Nixon]] and First Lady [[Pat Nixon]] with [[Queen Elizabeth II]] and Prime Minister [[Edward Heath]], 1970.")
![Wallis, Duchess of Windsor]], 1970.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Nixon and the Windsors.jpg?width=200 "Wallis, Duchess of Windsor]], 1970.")
![President [[Gerald Ford]] dancing with [[Queen Elizabeth II]] at the White House, 1976.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Queen Elizabeth II and President Ford 1976.jpg?width=200 "President [[Gerald Ford]] dancing with [[Queen Elizabeth II]] at the White House, 1976.")
![President [[Jimmy Carter]] and Prime Minister [[James Callaghan]] in the Oval Office, 1978.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/President Jimmy Carter and Prime Minister James Callaghan.jpg?width=200 "President [[Jimmy Carter]] and Prime Minister [[James Callaghan]] in the Oval Office, 1978.")
![President [[Ronald Reagan]] and First Lady [[Nancy Reagan]] with Prime Minister [[Margaret Thatcher]] and [[Denis Thatcher]] at the beginning of an official dinner at the White House, 1981.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/President Ronald Reagan, Nancy Reagan, Margaret Thatcher, and Denis Thatcher.jpg?width=200 "President [[Ronald Reagan]] and First Lady [[Nancy Reagan]] with Prime Minister [[Margaret Thatcher]] and [[Denis Thatcher]] at the beginning of an official dinner at the White House, 1981.")
![President [[Ronald Reagan]] and First Lady [[Nancy Reagan]] with [[Queen Elizabeth II]] and [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh]] at Rancho del Cielo, 1983.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/President Ronald Reagan and Nancy Reagan with Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip.jpg?width=200 "President [[Ronald Reagan]] and First Lady [[Nancy Reagan]] with [[Queen Elizabeth II]] and [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh]] at Rancho del Cielo, 1983.")
![Charles, Prince of Wales]] and [[Diana, Princess of Wales]] at the White House during the Waleses' official visit to the United States, 1985.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Prince Charles, Princess Diana, Nancy Reagan, and Ronald Reagan (1985).jpg?width=200 "Charles, Prince of Wales]] and [[Diana, Princess of Wales]] at the White House during the Waleses' official visit to the United States, 1985.")
![President [[Ronald Reagan]] and First Lady [[Nancy Reagan]] with Prime Minister [[Margaret Thatcher]] and [[Denis Thatcher]] at the beginning of an official dinner at the White House, 1988.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Reagan's - Thatcher's c50515-16.jpg?width=200 "President [[Ronald Reagan]] and First Lady [[Nancy Reagan]] with Prime Minister [[Margaret Thatcher]] and [[Denis Thatcher]] at the beginning of an official dinner at the White House, 1988.")
![President [[George H. W. Bush]] and First Lady [[Barbara Bush]] with [[Queen Elizabeth II]] and [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh]] at the beginning of an official dinner at the White House, 1991.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/President and Mrs. Bush host a State Dinner for Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip of Great Britain at the White House - NARA - 186433.jpg?width=200 "President [[George H. W. Bush]] and First Lady [[Barbara Bush]] with [[Queen Elizabeth II]] and [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh]] at the beginning of an official dinner at the White House, 1991.")
![President [[George H. W. Bush]] and Prime Minister [[John Major]] conducting a press conference at Camp David, 1992.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/President George H. W. Bush and Prime Minister John Major.jpg?width=200 "President [[George H. W. Bush]] and Prime Minister [[John Major]] conducting a press conference at Camp David, 1992.")
![First Lady [[Hillary Clinton]] and [[Diana, Princess of Wales]] chatting in the Map Room, 1997.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/U.S. First Lady Hillary Clinton met with Princess Diana.jpg?width=200 "First Lady [[Hillary Clinton]] and [[Diana, Princess of Wales]] chatting in the Map Room, 1997.")
![President [[Bill Clinton]] and Prime Minister [[Tony Blair]] embracing each other at a conference in Florence, Italy, 1999.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Clinton Blair.jpg?width=200 "President [[Bill Clinton]] and Prime Minister [[Tony Blair]] embracing each other at a conference in Florence, Italy, 1999.")
![President [[Bill Clinton]], First Lady [[Hillary Clinton]], and [[Chelsea Clinton]] with [[Queen Elizabeth II]] and at the Buckingham Palace, 2000.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/President Bill Clinton, First Lady Hillary Clinton, and Chelsea Clinton with Queen Elizabeth.jpg?width=200 "President [[Bill Clinton]], First Lady [[Hillary Clinton]], and [[Chelsea Clinton]] with [[Queen Elizabeth II]] and at the Buckingham Palace, 2000.")
![Prime Minister [[Tony Blair]] and President [[George W. Bush]] conducting a press conference at Camp David, 2001.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Bush and Blair at Camp David.jpg?width=200 "Prime Minister [[Tony Blair]] and President [[George W. Bush]] conducting a press conference at Camp David, 2001.")
![Charles, Prince of Wales]] and [[Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall]] at the White House during the Waleses' official visit to the United States, 2005.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/George W. Bush and the Prince of Wales with spouses.jpg?width=200 "Charles, Prince of Wales]] and [[Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall]] at the White House during the Waleses' official visit to the United States, 2005.")
![President [[George W. Bush]] and First Lady [[Laura Bush]] with [[Queen Elizabeth II]] and [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh]] at the beginning of an official dinner at the White House, 2007.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/First family and Elizabeth II 2007 (outside).jpg?width=200 "President [[George W. Bush]] and First Lady [[Laura Bush]] with [[Queen Elizabeth II]] and [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh]] at the beginning of an official dinner at the White House, 2007.")
![Prime Minister [[Gordon Brown]] and President [[George W. Bush]] having their first meeting at Camp David, 2007.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/20070730 Bush Brown Camp David shake.jpg?width=200 "Prime Minister [[Gordon Brown]] and President [[George W. Bush]] having their first meeting at Camp David, 2007.")
![Prime Minister [[Gordon Brown]] and President [[Barack Obama]] in the Oval Office, 2009.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/President Barack Obama meets Prime Minister Gordon Brown.jpg?width=200 "Prime Minister [[Gordon Brown]] and President [[Barack Obama]] in the Oval Office, 2009.")
![President [[Barack Obama]] and First Lady [[Michelle Obama]] with [[Queen Elizabeth II]] in the Buckingham Palace, 2009.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Barack Obama Michelle Obama Queen Elizabeth II Buckingham Palace London.jpg?width=200 "President [[Barack Obama]] and First Lady [[Michelle Obama]] with [[Queen Elizabeth II]] in the Buckingham Palace, 2009.")
![Prime Minister [[David Cameron]] and President [[Barack Obama]] at the bilateral meeting during the G20 Summit in Toronto, Canada, 2010.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/David Cameron and Barack Obama at the G20 Summit in Toronto.jpg?width=200 "Prime Minister [[David Cameron]] and President [[Barack Obama]] at the bilateral meeting during the G20 Summit in Toronto, Canada, 2010.")
![Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge]] in the Buckingham Palace, 2011.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Obama and Duke Duchess of Cambridge.jpg?width=200 "Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge]] in the Buckingham Palace, 2011.")
![President [[Barack Obama]] and First Lady [[Michelle Obama]] with [[Queen Elizabeth II]] and [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh]] in the Windsor Castle, 2016.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Barack Obama's trip to the United Kingdom April 2016 (5).jpg?width=200 "President [[Barack Obama]] and First Lady [[Michelle Obama]] with [[Queen Elizabeth II]] and [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh]] in the Windsor Castle, 2016.")
![Prime Minister [[Theresa May]] and President [[Barack Obama]] having their first meeting during the G20 summit in Hangzhou, China, 2016.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Barack Obama and Theresa May deliver a joint press statement in Hangzhou, China.jpg?width=200 "Prime Minister [[Theresa May]] and President [[Barack Obama]] having their first meeting during the G20 summit in Hangzhou, China, 2016.")
![Prime Minister [[Theresa May]] and President [[Donald Trump]] conducting a press conference at the East Room, 2017.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/President Donald Trump and PM Theresa May Joint Press Conference, January 27, 2017.jpg?width=200 "Prime Minister [[Theresa May]] and President [[Donald Trump]] conducting a press conference at the East Room, 2017.")
![First Lady [[Melania Trump]] and [[Prince Harry]] at the Invictus Games in Toronto, Canada, 2017.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Photo of the Day September 25, 2017 (24128023337).jpg?width=200 "First Lady [[Melania Trump]] and [[Prince Harry]] at the Invictus Games in Toronto, Canada, 2017.")
![President [[Donald Trump]] and First Lady [[Melania Trump]] with [[Queen Elizabeth II]] in the Windsor Castle, 2018.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/President Trump & the First Lady's Trip to Europe (43421688632).jpg?width=200 "President [[Donald Trump]] and First Lady [[Melania Trump]] with [[Queen Elizabeth II]] in the Windsor Castle, 2018.")
![Prime Minister [[Boris Johnson]] and President [[Donald Trump]] conducting the bilateral meeting in New York City, 2019.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/-UNGA (48791446772).jpg?width=200 "Prime Minister [[Boris Johnson]] and President [[Donald Trump]] conducting the bilateral meeting in New York City, 2019.")
![Prime Minister [[Boris Johnson]] and President [[Joe Biden]] during the G7 summit in Cornwall, England, 2021.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Joe Biden and Boris Johnson, 10 June 2021 (51267665037).jpg?width=200 "Prime Minister [[Boris Johnson]] and President [[Joe Biden]] during the G7 summit in Cornwall, England, 2021.")
![President [[Joe Biden]] and First Lady [[Jill Biden]] with [[Queen Elizabeth II]] in the Windsor Castle, 2021.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/President Joe Biden and First Lady Jill Biden with Queen Elizabeth II (51269148664).jpg?width=200 "President [[Joe Biden]] and First Lady [[Jill Biden]] with [[Queen Elizabeth II]] in the Windsor Castle, 2021.")
![Prime Minister [[Liz Truss]] and President [[Joe Biden]] conducting the bilateral meeting in New York City, 2022.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/President Joe Biden meets with United Kingdom Prime Minister Liz Truss.jpg?width=200 "Prime Minister [[Liz Truss]] and President [[Joe Biden]] conducting the bilateral meeting in New York City, 2022.")
![President [[Joe Biden]] and First Lady [[Jill Biden]] with [[King Charles III]] and [[Camilla, Queen Consort]] at Buckingham Palace, 2022.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/His Majesty King Charles III reception for Heads of State and overseas visitors (52367172621).jpg?width=200 "President [[Joe Biden]] and First Lady [[Jill Biden]] with [[King Charles III]] and [[Camilla, Queen Consort]] at Buckingham Palace, 2022.")
United Kingdom
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![The [[McLaren F1]], produced 1989-1998. Chief engineer: [[Gordon Murray]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/1996 McLaren F1 Chassis No 63 6.1 Front.jpg?width=200 "The [[McLaren F1]], produced 1989-1998. Chief engineer: [[Gordon Murray]].")
![An [[East Coast Main Line]] train in Northumberland](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/An LNER Azuma train on the East Coast Railway Line, geograph 6275180 by Walter Baxter.jpg?width=200 "An [[East Coast Main Line]] train in Northumberland")
![one of the best sites in Europe for wind energy]], and wind power production is its fastest-growing supply.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Ardrossan's fan club. - panoramio.jpg?width=200 "one of the best sites in Europe for wind energy]], and wind power production is its fastest-growing supply.")
![The [[Bank of England]] is the [[central bank]] of the United Kingdom and the model on which most modern central banks have been based.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Bank-of-England.jpg?width=200 "The [[Bank of England]] is the [[central bank]] of the United Kingdom and the model on which most modern central banks have been based.")
![The [[Bayeux Tapestry]] depicts the [[Battle of Hastings]], 1066, and the events leading to it.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Bayeux Tapestry WillelmDux.jpg?width=200 "The [[Bayeux Tapestry]] depicts the [[Battle of Hastings]], 1066, and the events leading to it.")
![Roman Baths]] in [[Bath, Somerset]], are a well-preserved ''[[thermae]]'' from [[Roman Britain]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Baños Romanos, Bath, Inglaterra, 2014-08-12, DD 39-41 HDR.JPG?width=200 "Roman Baths]] in [[Bath, Somerset]], are a well-preserved ''[[thermae]]'' from [[Roman Britain]].")
![[[Britannia]] is a [[national personification]] of the UK.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Britannia-Statue.jpg?width=200 "[[Britannia]] is a [[national personification]] of the UK.")
![The [[British Empire]] at its territorial peak in 1921](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/British Empire 1921.png?width=200 "The [[British Empire]] at its territorial peak in 1921")
![Irish Government]] and the governments of Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/British Irish Council at Stirling Castle (7420592874).jpg?width=200 "Irish Government]] and the governments of Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.")
![[[Gibraltar]]: The Mediterranean Sea from the [[Rock of Gibraltar]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Catalan Bay from The Rock.JPG?width=200 "[[Gibraltar]]: The Mediterranean Sea from the [[Rock of Gibraltar]]")
![The Colossus computer from 1944 at the National Museum of Computing in [[Bletchley Park]], UK](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Colossus computer.jpg?width=200 "The Colossus computer from 1944 at the National Museum of Computing in [[Bletchley Park]], UK")
.svg?width=200 "frameless")
![The [[London Underground]] is the world's oldest underground passenger railway.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Farringdon station MMB 22 S-Stock.jpg?width=200 "The [[London Underground]] is the world's oldest underground passenger railway.")
![[[HMS Victory]] was Lord Nelson's flagship at the victory at the [[Battle of Trafalgar]], in 1805.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/HMSVictory.jpg?width=200 "[[HMS Victory]] was Lord Nelson's flagship at the victory at the [[Battle of Trafalgar]], in 1805.")
![[[Alfred Hitchcock]] has been ranked as one of the greatest and most influential British filmmakers of all time.<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/starsandstories/3664474/The-top-21-British-directors-of-all-time.html "The top 21 British directors of all time"]. The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 19 June 2015.</ref>](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Hitchcock, Alfred 02.jpg?width=200 "[[Alfred Hitchcock]] has been ranked as one of the greatest and most influential British filmmakers of all time.<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/starsandstories/3664474/The-top-21-British-directors-of-all-time.html \"The top 21 British directors of all time\"]. The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 19 June 2015.</ref>")
![Portrait of [[John Locke]] by [[Godfrey Kneller]] in 1697](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/John Locke.jpg?width=200 "Portrait of [[John Locke]] by [[Godfrey Kneller]] in 1697")
![[[Afternoon tea]] with sandwiches, scones and cakes](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/London-Liberty-Afternoon tea (2).jpg?width=200 "[[Afternoon tea]] with sandwiches, scones and cakes")
![[[Satellite image]] of the United Kingdom (excluding [[Shetland]])](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/MODIS - Great Britain and Northern Ireland - 2012-06-04 during heat wave (cropped).jpg?width=200 "[[Satellite image]] of the United Kingdom (excluding [[Shetland]])")
![The [[Palace of Westminster]] is the seat of both houses of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Palace of Westminster, London - Feb 2007.jpg?width=200 "The [[Palace of Westminster]] is the seat of both houses of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.")
.jpg?width=200 "Union Jack flags in London")
![St Andrews]], Scotland, the home of golf. The standard 18 hole golf course was created at St Andrews in 1764.<ref name="Forrest">Forrest L. Richardson (2002). "Routing the Golf Course: The Art & Science That Forms the Golf Journey". p. 46. John Wiley & Sons</ref>](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/R&A Clubhouse, Old Course, Swilcan Burn bridge.jpg?width=200 "St Andrews]], Scotland, the home of golf. The standard 18 hole golf course was created at St Andrews in 1764.<ref name=\"Forrest\">Forrest L. Richardson (2002). \"Routing the Golf Course: The Art & Science That Forms the Golf Journey\". p. 46. John Wiley & Sons</ref>")
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![Holyrood]], an area of [[Edinburgh]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Scottish Parliament - 49188771378.jpg?width=200 "Holyrood]], an area of [[Edinburgh]]")
![The [[Chandos portrait]], believed to depict [[William Shakespeare]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Shakespeare.jpg?width=200 "The [[Chandos portrait]], believed to depict [[William Shakespeare]]")
![Spitfire and Hurricane as flown in the [[Battle of Britain]] during World War II](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Spitfire and Hurricane in the Battle of Britain Memorial Flight.jpg?width=200 "Spitfire and Hurricane as flown in the [[Battle of Britain]] during World War II")
![order=flip}} wide and 25 [[tonne]]s, erected 2400–2200 BC.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Stonehenge, Condado de Wiltshire, Inglaterra, 2014-08-12, DD 18.JPG?width=200 "order=flip}} wide and 25 [[tonne]]s, erected 2400–2200 BC.")
![archive-date=6 February 2009}}</ref><ref name="Guinness">[https://books.google.com/books?id=rdU1xtIWJz0C Most Successful Group] ''[[The Guinness Book of Records]]'' 1999, p. 230. Retrieved 19 March 2011.</ref>](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/The Fabs.JPG?width=200 "archive-date=6 February 2009}}</ref><ref name=\"Guinness\">[https://books.google.com/books?id=rdU1xtIWJz0C Most Successful Group] ''[[The Guinness Book of Records]]'' 1999, p. 230. Retrieved 19 March 2011.</ref>")
![[[Christ Church, Oxford]], is part of the [[University of Oxford]], which traces its foundations back to c. 1096.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Tom Quad, Christ Church 2004-01-21.jpg?width=200 "[[Christ Church, Oxford]], is part of the [[University of Oxford]], which traces its foundations back to c. 1096.")
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![[[J. M. W. Turner]] self-portrait, oil on canvas, c. 1799](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Turner selfportrait.jpg?width=200 "[[J. M. W. Turner]] self-portrait, oil on canvas, c. 1799")
![ancient universities]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/University of Glasgow Quadrangle.jpg?width=200 "ancient universities]]")
COUNTRY IN NORTH-WEST EUROPE
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United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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United Kindom; U.K.; ISO 3166-1:GB; U.K; United Kingom; Uk; Great Britain and Northern Ireland; The UK; UK; The United Kingdom; UK's; United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Island; United Kingdom's; UnitedKingdom; United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland; United Kingsom; Britland; British state; TUKOGBANI; United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland; United kingdom; United Kindgom; Great britain and northern ireland; UKGBNI; U.K.G.B.N.I.; The uk; Royaume-Uni; UKOGBANI; United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ulster; Great Britain and Ulster; Great Britain & Ulster; United Kingdom of Great Britain & Ulster; The United Kingdom of Great Britain & Ulster; Verenigd Koninkrijk; United kingom; Reino Unido; Regno Unito; Untied Kingdom; UKoGBaNI; The U.K.; U-K; Vereinigtes Königreich; UK of GB & NI; UK of GB and NI; United Kingdom (UK); Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; Royaume Uni; U.k.; Uk.; User:Driscollowen/Owen; U K; Y Deyrnas Unedig; United Kingdom of Great Britain and North Ireland; Etymology of the United Kingdom; British State; UNITED KINGDOM; United Kingdon; U. K. G. B. N. I.; United Kingdom (U.K.); United Kingdom of Britain; UKGBR; UKGB; British United Kingdom; Britain (sovereign state); Britain (country); Britain (state); United-Kingdom; United Kingdom of England; United Kingdom (state); UK (state); United Kingdom (country); UK (country); User:Rêece Arnold/sandbox; The united kingdom; User:Fredrick Johnson 901/sandbox; Union between Great Britain and Northern Ireland; Great Britain & N.I.; Unitit Kinrick; U k
Соединённое Королевство Великобритании и Северной Ирландии
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
COUNTRY IN NORTH-WEST EUROPE
United Kindom; U.K.; ISO 3166-1:GB; U.K; United Kingom; Uk; Great Britain and Northern Ireland; The UK; UK; The United Kingdom; UK's; United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Island; United Kingdom's; UnitedKingdom; United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland; United Kingsom; Britland; British state; TUKOGBANI; United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland; United kingdom; United Kindgom; Great britain and northern ireland; UKGBNI; U.K.G.B.N.I.; The uk; Royaume-Uni; UKOGBANI; United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ulster; Great Britain and Ulster; Great Britain & Ulster; United Kingdom of Great Britain & Ulster; The United Kingdom of Great Britain & Ulster; Verenigd Koninkrijk; United kingom; Reino Unido; Regno Unito; Untied Kingdom; UKoGBaNI; The U.K.; U-K; Vereinigtes Königreich; UK of GB & NI; UK of GB and NI; United Kingdom (UK); Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; Royaume Uni; U.k.; Uk.; User:Driscollowen/Owen; U K; Y Deyrnas Unedig; United Kingdom of Great Britain and North Ireland; Etymology of the United Kingdom; British State; UNITED KINGDOM; United Kingdon; U. K. G. B. N. I.; United Kingdom (U.K.); United Kingdom of Britain; UKGBR; UKGB; British United Kingdom; Britain (sovereign state); Britain (country); Britain (state); United-Kingdom; United Kingdom of England; United Kingdom (state); UK (state); United Kingdom (country); UK (country); User:Rêece Arnold/sandbox; The united kingdom; User:Fredrick Johnson 901/sandbox; Union between Great Britain and Northern Ireland; Great Britain & N.I.; Unitit Kinrick; U k
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland noun Соединенное Королевство Великобритании и Северной Ирландии
Определение
К-мезоны
каоны, группа нестабильных элементарных частиц, в которую входят две заряженные (К+, К-) и две нейтральные (К0, 
) частицы с нулевым Спином и массой приблизительно в 970 раз большей, чем масса электрона. К.-м. участвуют в сильных взаимодействиях (См. Сильные взаимодействия), т. е. являются адронами; они не имеют барионного заряда (См. Барионный заряд) и обладают отличным от нуля значением квантового числа странности (См. Странность) (S), характеризующей их поведение в процессах, обусловленных сильным взаимодействием: у К+ и К° S=+1, а у К- и 
(являющихся античастицами (См. Античастицы) К+, К°) S = -1. Совместно с гиперонами (См. Гипероны) К.-м. образуют группу так называемых странных частиц (частиц, для которых S ≠ 0).
К+ и К° одинаковым образом участвуют в сильных взаимодействиях, имеют приблизительно одинаковые массы и различаются лишь электрическим зарядом. Они могут быть объединены в одну группу - так называемый изотопический дублет (см. Изотопическая инвариантность) и рассматриваются как различные зарядовые состояния одной и той же частицы с изотопическим спином (См. Изотопический спин) I = 1/2. Аналогичную группу составляют 
и 
. Из-за различия в странности нейтральные К-м. К° и 
являются разными частицами, различным образом участвующими в сильных взаимодействиях.
Согласно современной классификации элементарных частиц, К-м. (К+, К°, 
, 
) вместе с π-мезонами (π+, π0, π-) и η0-мезоном входят в одну группу (октет) частиц, приблизительно одинаково участвующих в сильных взаимодействиях.
Открытие К-мезонов связано с работами большого числа учёных в различных странах. В 1947-51 в космических лучах (См. Космические лучи) было открыто несколько частиц, массы которых, измеренные с доступной в то время точностью, были приблизительно одинаковыми, а способы распада - разными.
Табл. 1.- Основные характеристики и способы распада К-мезонов
Табл. 2.- Основные способы распада K0S и K0L
Это были так называемые θ-мезоны, распадающиеся на два пи-мезона (См. Пи-мезоны), τ-мезоны, распадающиеся на три π-мезона, и др. Значит. прогресс в изучении этих частиц начался с 1954, когда их удалось получать с помощью ускорителей заряженных частиц (См. Ускорители заряженных частиц). Тщательные измерения масс и времён жизни показали, что во всех этих случаях наблюдались различные способы распада одних и тех же частиц, названных К-м.
Открытие К-м. сыграло важную роль в физике элементарных частиц; оно помогло установить новую характеристику сильно взаимодействующих частиц (адронов) - странность и создать современную систематику адронов (см. Элементарные частицы). Изучение распадов К-м. дало первые сведения о несохранении в слабых взаимодействиях (См. Слабые взаимодействия) пространственной и зарядовой чётности, а также о нарушении комбинированной чётности (см. Чётность, Зарядовое сопряжение, Комбинированная инверсия).
Сильные взаимодействия К-мезонов. Наличие у К-м. отличной от нуля странности S накладывает (из-за сохранения S в сильных взаимодействиях) характерный отпечаток на процессы сильных взаимодействий с участием К-м. Так, К+ и К0, имеющие S = +1, рождаются при столкновениях "нестранных" частиц - π-мезонов и нуклонов (протонов и нейтронов) - только совместно с гиперонами или 
, 
, имеющими отрицательное значение странности (см., например, в ст. Гипероны).
Поскольку все гипероны имеют отрицательную странность, они легче рождаются в процессах, вызванных К- и 
, чем в процессах, вызванных К+ и К0. Например, возможна реакция 
+ р → Λ0 + π+, тогда как реакция К0 + р → Λ0 + π + запрещена законом сохранения странности в сильных взаимодействиях (здесь р - протон, Λ0 - гиперон). Рождение гиперонов в пучках К+, К0 менее вероятно, т.к. оно требует появления совместно с гипероном нескольких дополнительных К+ или К0.
Поэтому медленные К+, К0 слабее взаимодействуют с веществом, чем 
, 
.
Слабые взаимодействия К-мезонов. Распады К-м. обусловлены слабым взаимодействием и происходят с изменением странности на 1 (в слабых взаимодействиях странность не сохраняется). Распады могут осуществляться различными способами и подчиняются эмпирическим правилам, определяющим изменение странности, изотопического спина адронов и пр. (см. Отбора правила). В распадах К-м. не сохраняются пространственная и зарядовая чётности, что проявляется, например., в возможности распада как на 2 π-, так и на 3 π-мезона.
Рисунок иллюстрирует процессы сильного и слабого взаимодействия К-м.
Специфические свойства нейтральных К-мезонов. Выше отмечалось, что К0- и 
-мезоны, отличаясь друг от друга значениями квантового числа странности, участвуют в процессах сильного взаимодействия как две различные частицы. Поскольку, однако, в процессах слабого взаимодействия, в частности в распадах К.-м., странность не сохраняется, оказываются возможными взаимные превращения K0 ⇔ 
. Наличие таких переходов между частицей и античастицей, имеющими разные значения одного из квантовых чисел, характеризующих элементарные частицы, обусловливает специфические, уникальные свойства нейтральных К.-м. Для любых других частиц существование подобных переходов запрещено строгими законами сохранения электрического или барионного заряда (а также, по-видимому, и лептонного заряда (См. Лептонный заряд) для переходов нейтрино - антинейтрино).
В вакууме благодаря переходам K0 ⇔ 
состояниями, имеющими определённую энергию и время жизни, будут не К0 и 
, а две квантово-механических суперпозиции этих состояний. Эти суперпозиции соответствуют частицам с различными массами и различными временами жизни: долгоживущему K0L- и короткоживущему K0S-meзонам. Разность масс K0S и K0L обусловлена слабым взаимодействием, вызывающим переходы K0 ⇔ 
, и весьма мала. Время жизни и способы распада K0S и K0L указаны в.
Таким образом, в то время как в процессах, вызываемых сильным взаимодействием, проявляются состояния К0 и 
, обладающие определёнными значениями странности (сохраняющейся в сильном взаимодействии), в процессах слабого взаимодействия (в распадах) проявляются как частицы состояния K0L и K0S. Состояния K0L и K0S близки к суперпозициям состояний, которые называют K01 и K02:
K0s ≈ K01 = 
,
K0L ≈ K02 = 
,
т. е. K0L и K0S приблизительно на 50\% "состоят" из К0 и на 50\% - из 
. Аналогичным образом можно утверждать, что К0 и 
приблизительно на 50\% "состоят" из K0S и на 50\% - из K0L тот факт, что состояния К0 и 
представляют суперпозицию двух состояний K0L и K0S разными массами и временами жизни, приводит к появлению своеобразных осцилляций ("биений"): К0, возникая в результате сильного взаимодействия, на некотором расстоянии от точки рождения частично превращается за счёт слабого взаимодействия в 
и потому оказывается способным вызывать ядерные реакции, характерные для 
и запрещенные для К0, например реакцию 
+ р → Λ0 + π + (эффект Пайса - Пиччони). Др. своеобразное явление - так называемая регенерация короткоживущих K0S-meзонов при прохождении через вещество долгоживущих K0L-meзонов: на достаточно больших расстояниях от места образования пучка К0 (или 
) пучок состоит практически только из долгоживущих K0L, т.к. короткоживущие K0S распадаются раньше. Поэтому на таких расстояниях наблюдаются лишь распады, характерные для K0L (). Казалось бы, K0S не могут вновь появиться в пучке. Однако если пучок K0L пропустить через слой вещества, то из-за различия во взаимодействиях с веществом К0 и 
, составляющих K0L, изменяется относительный состав пучка и в пучке K0L появляется добавка K0S с характерными для K0S распадами.
Комбинации K01 и К02 обладают определённой симметрией относительно операции комбинированной инверсии (СР): при переходе от частиц к античастицам (операция зарядового сопряжения С) с одновременным пространственным отражением (операция Р) волновая функция, соответствующая состоянию K01, остаётся неизменной, а волновая функция К02 меняет знак. Поэтому состояние K01 может распадаться на 2π (систему, обладающую теми же свойствами относительно операции СР, что и K01), a K02 не может. Поскольку вероятность распада на 2π значительно превышает вероятности др. способов (каналов) распада, большое различие во временах жизни долго- и короткоживущих К-м. считалось указанием на существование в природе симметрии относительно операции комбинированной инверсии, а состояния K0L и K0S отождествлялись с K01 и К02. Однако в 1964 было установлено, что долгоживущий К-м. с вероятностью приблизительно 0,2\% распадается на 2π. Это свидетельствует о нарушении СР-симметрии и об отличии состояний K0L и K0S от K01 и К02. Природа сил, нарушающих СР-симметрию, ещё не выяснена. Имеющиеся эксперимент. данные не противоречат возможности существования в природе особого "сверхслабого" взаимодействия, нарушающего симметрию СР и проявляющегося в распадах нейтральных К-м.
Лит.: Марков М. А., Гипероны и К-мезоны, М., 1958; Далиц P., Странные частицы и сильные взаимодействия, пер. с англ., М., 1964; Окунь Л. Б., Слабое взаимодействие элементарных частиц, М., 1963; Ли Ц. и By Ц., Слабые взаимодействия пер. с англ., М., 1968; Газиорович С., Физика элементарных частиц, пер. с англ. М., 1969; Эдер Р. К., Фаулер Э. К., Странные частицы, пер. с англ., М., 1966.
С. С. Герштейн.
Схематическое изображение фотографии, полученной в водородной пузырьковой камере, иллюстрирующее процессы сильного и слабого взаимодействий К-мезонов. В точке 1 за счёт сильного взаимодействия происходит реакция К-+p→Ω-+К++К0, в которой сохраняется странность. Распады образовавшихся частиц происходят в результате слабого взаимодействия с изменением странности на 1: К0→π++π- (в точке 2); Ω-→Λ0+К- (в точке 3); Λ0→p+π- (в точке 4); К-→π++π-+π- (в точке 5). Треки частиц искривлены, так как камера находится в магнитном поле. Пунктиром обозначены треки нейтральных частиц, не оставляющие следа в камере.
Википедия
United Kingdom–United States relations
Relations between the United Kingdom and the United States have ranged from close allies to military opponents since the latter declared independence from the former in the late 18th century. The Thirteen British Colonies that seceded from the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1776 fought a subsequent revolutionary war and a theatre of the Napoleonic Wars in 1812. During the World Wars the United States had surpassed the United Kingdom as the world's leading power, having overshadowed it economically from the late 19th century. Since 1940 the countries have been close military allies enjoying the Special Relationship built as wartime allies and NATO partners.
They are bound together by shared history, an overlap in religion, common language, legal system and kinship ties that reach back hundreds of years, including kindred, ancestral lines among English Americans, Scottish Americans, Welsh Americans, Cornish Americans, Scotch-Irish Americans, Irish Americans, and American Britons. Today, large numbers of expatriates live in both countries.
In the early 21st century, Britain affirmed its relationship with the United States as its "most important bilateral partnership" in the current British foreign policy, and the American foreign policy also affirms its relationship with Britain as its most important relationship, as evidenced in aligned political affairs, mutual cooperation in the areas of trade, commerce, finance, technology, academics, as well as the arts and sciences; the sharing of government and military intelligence, and joint combat operations and peacekeeping missions carried out between the United States Armed Forces and the British Armed Forces. Canada has historically been the largest importer of US goods and the principal exporter of goods to the United States. As of January 2015, the United Kingdom was fifth in terms of exports and seventh in terms of import of goods. In long-term perspective, the historian Paul Johnson has called the United Kingdom–United States relations "cornerstone of the modern, democratic world order".
The two countries also have had a significant impact on the cultures of many other countries. They are the two main nodes of the Anglosphere, with a combined population of just under 400 million in 2019. Together, they have given the English language a dominant role in many sectors of the modern world.
